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History since partition
History since partition
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Irish Independence: The Irish Free State, Éire, Ireland
The Anglo-Irish Treaty was ratified by the Dáil in January 1922 by a vote of 64 - 57.
The minority refused to accept the result and this resulted in the Irish Civil War, which lasted until 1923.
On 6 December 1922, in the middle of the Civil War, the Irish Free State came into being.
During its early years the new state was governed by the victors of the Civil War.
However, in the 1930s Fianna Fáil, the party of the opponents of the treaty, was elected into government.
The party proposed, and the electorate accepted in a referendum in 1937, a new constitution which renamed the state "Éire or in the English language, Ireland" (article 4 of the Constitution).
The state was neutral during World War II, which was known internally as The Emergency.
It offered some assistance to the Allies, especially in Northern Ireland.
It is estimated that around 50,000 volunteers from Éire/Ireland joined the British armed forces during the Second World War.
In 1949, Ireland declared itself to be a republic.
Ireland experienced large-scale emigration in the 1950s and again in the 1980s.
From 1987 the economy improved and the 1990s saw the beginning of unprecedented economic success, in a phenomenon known as the "Celtic Tiger".
By 2007 it had become the fifth richest country (in terms of GDP per capita) in the world, and the second richest in the European Union, moving from being a net recipient of the budget to becoming a net contributor during the next budget round (2007–13), and from a country of net emigration to one of net immigration.
In October 2006, there were talks between Ireland and the U.S.
to negotiate a new immigration policy between the two countries, in response to the growth of the Irish economy and desire of many U.S.
citizens who sought to move to Ireland for work.
Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland was created as an administrative division of the United Kingdom by the Government of Ireland Act 1920.
From 1921 until 1972, Northern Ireland enjoyed limited self-government within the United Kingdom, with its own parliament and prime minister.
In the first half of the 20th century, Northern Ireland was largely spared the strife of the Civil War, but there were sporadic episodes of inter-communal violence between nationalists and unionists during the decades that followed partition.
Although the Irish Free State was neutral during World War II, Northern Ireland as part of the United Kingdom was not, and became involved in the British war effort (albeit without military conscription as it was introduced in Great Britain).
Belfast suffered a bombing raid from the German Luftwaffe in 1941.
In elections to the 1921–1972 regional government, the Protestant and Catholic communities in Northern Ireland each voted largely along sectarian lines, meaning that the Government of Northern Ireland (elected by "first past the post" from 1929) was controlled by the Ulster Unionist Party.
Over time, the minority Catholic community felt increasingly alienated by the regional government, with further disaffection fuelled by practices such as gerrymandering of the local council in Derry, and alleged discrimination against Catholics in housing and employment which was also alleged to have taken place against Protestants.
In the late 1960s nationalist grievances were aired publicly in mass civil rights protests, which were often confronted by loyalist counter-protests.
The Government's reaction to confrontations was seen to be one-sided and heavy-handed, and law and order broke down as unrest and inter-communal violence increased.
In August 1969, the regional government requested that the British Army be deployed to aid the police, who were exhausted after several nights of serious rioting.
In 1970, the paramilitary Provisional IRA, which favoured the creation of a united Ireland, was formed and began a campaign against what it called the "British occupation of the six counties".
Other groups, on both the unionist side and the nationalist side, participated in the violence and the period known as "The Troubles" began, resulting in over 3,600 deaths over the subsequent three decades.
Owing to the civil unrest during "The Troubles", the British government suspended home rule in 1972 and imposed "direct rule" from Westminster.
There were several (ultimately unsuccessful) political attempts to end "The Troubles", such as the Sunningdale Agreement of 1973 and the Anglo-Irish Agreement of 1985.
In 1998, following a Provisional IRA ceasefire and multi-party talks, the Belfast Agreement was concluded and ratified by referendum.
This agreement attempted to restore self-government to Northern Ireland on the basis of power-sharing between the two communities.
Violence decreased greatly after the signing of the accord, and on 28 July 2005, the Provisional IRA announced the end of its armed campaign and international weapons inspectors supervised what they currently regard as the full decommissioning of the Provisional IRA's weapons.
The power-sharing assembly was suspended several times but restored from 8 May 2007.
From 2 August 2007, the government officially ended its military support of the police in Northern Ireland, and began withdrawing troops (in 1972, British troops numbered more than 25,000 in Northern Ireland; after the withdrawal, a garrison of approximately 1,500 remain on garrison duty).
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Source: CIA Factbook, Wikipedia
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